Anarchy 70/Anarchist anthologies

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Anarchist anthologies

NICOLAS WALTER

After the histor­ies of anarch­ism come the an­tho­lo­gies. We have already had Anarch­ism by George Woodcock, and The Anarch­ists by James Joll, which were re­viewed in anarchy 28 and 46. Now we have The Anarch­ists (no con­nec­tion) edited by Irving L. Horowitz, and Pat­terns of Anarchy edited by Leonard I. Krimerman and Lewis Perry, which are re­viewed together now.

  Both books are Amer­ican paper­backs edited by Amer­ican aca­dem­ics. Horowitz is As­soci­ate Pro­fessor of So­ci­ology at Wash­ing­ton Uni­ver­sity, St. Louis, and The Anarch­ists is pub­lished by Dell as Laurel Book 0131 (1964, 95c.). Krimerman is As­sist­ant Pro­fessor of Philo­sophy at Louisi­ana State Uni­ver­sity, New Orleans, and Perry is Lec­turer in History at New York State Uni­ver­sity, Buffalo, and Pat­terns of Anarchy is pub­lished by Double­day as Anchor Book A501 (1966, $1.95).

  Both books come from out­side the anarch­ist move­ment. The Anarch­ists ori­gin­ated when C. Wright Mills, the left-wing Amer­ican soci­olo­gist, planned “a reader on Anar­chists, Crim­in­als and Devi­ants” (shades of Lombroso!). He later “came to con­sider anarch­ism as one of the three major pivots of Marxism, the other two being <span data-html="true" class="plainlinks" title="Wikipedia: So­cial

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Demo­cracy and Bolshev­ism”, and then planned a tri­logy of an­tho­lo­gies of Marxist, Trotsky­ist, and anarch­ist writ­ings. The only one he pro­duced before he died in 1962 was The Marxists (1962, pub­lished as a Penguin Book in 1963). He hadn’t begun work on the anarch­ist volume, and it was taken over by his dis­ciple Horowitz (who has edited a post­hum­ous volume of his essays and a me­morial volume of essays by his ad­mirers). It is com­fort­ing to know that Horowitz has more sens­ible ideas about anarch­ism than Wright Mills: “My own view is that anarch­ism, far from being a ‘pivot’ of Marxism, as Mills be­lieved, is an ef­fort to fash­ion a rad­ical al­tern­at­ive to the Marxist tradi­tion in its ortho­dox forms.”

  Patterns of Anarchy ori­gin­ated when Krimerman and Perry “began to dis­cuss, in deep ignor­ance, the like­li­hood that the anarch­ist posi­tion had not been given its due.” Well, it is prob­ably better to have no ideas than wrong ideas. “Agreed on the likely value of anarch­ism, we were almost stymied by the paucity of avail­able ma­ter­i­als. Slowly the idea of an an­tho­logy took hold, as we con­tinued to un­cover inter­est­ing but neglec­ted anarch­ist writ­ings. Our amaze­ment at the wealth of anarch­ist liter­ature has been grow­ing ever since.”

  The Anarch­ists has 640 pages. It begins with a Pre­face and an Intro­duc­tion and ends with a Post­script by the editor. The rest of the book is di­vided into two parts con­tain­ing 35 passages.

  “The Theory” is di­vided into three sec­tions. “Anarch­ism as a Cri­tique of So­ciety” con­tains ex­tracts from Diderot’s Sup­ple­ment to Bougain­ville’s “Voyage” (1772)^*; Mala­testa’s pamph­let Anarchy (1891)*; Proudhon’s book What is Prop­erty? (1840); Godwin’s book Polit­ical Just­ice (1793); Bakunin’s essays “Sci­ence and the Urgent Revo­lu­tion­ary Task” (1870) and “The Pro­gramme of the Inter­na­tional Revo­lu­tion­ary Alli­ance” (1871)*, both from G. P. Maximoff’s book The Polit­ical Philo­sophy of Bakunin (1953); Kropot­kin’s book Modern Sci­ence and Anarch­ism (1903)*; Benjamin Tucker’s article “State Social­ism and Anarch­ism” from his maga­zine Liberty (1886)* and his book Instead of a Book (1893); and Rudolf Rocker’s essay “Anarch­ism and Anarcho-Syn­dic­al­ism” from Feliks Gross’s book European Ideo­logies (1948).

  “Anarch­ism as a Style of Life” con­tains ex­tracts from Joseph Conrad’s novel The Secret Agent (1907); Dostoevski’s novel Notes from Underground (1864)*; Tolstoy’s book What Then Shall We Do? (1886)*; Albert Camus’s book The Rebel (1951)*; Emma Goldman’s essays “The Tragedy of Women’s Eman­cip­a­tion” (1906)* and “Marriage and Love”,* both from her maga­zine Mother Earth and her book Anarch­ism and Other Essays (1910); and the letters of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927), from the edition by Frank­furter and Jack­son.

  “Anarch­ism as a Sys­tem of Philo­sophy” con­tains ex­tracts from Max Stirner’s book The Ego and His Own (1845)*; Thoreau’s essay “Resist­ance to Civil Govern­ment” (1848)*; Josiah Warren’s book True Civil­isa­tion (1869); William Hocking’s book Man and the State (1926); Herbert Read’s article “Anarch­ism and Capit­al­ist So­ciety”, from the maga­zine Re­con­struir (1962); and Paul Schilpp’s article “In Defence

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of Socrates’ Judges”, from the maga­zine Enquiry (1944).

  “The Practice” is di­vided into two sec­tions. “The Histor­ical Di­men­sion” con­tains ac­counts of the anarch­ist move­ment in Spain up to 1902 (by Gerald Brenan), in Italy during the 1870s (by Richard Hostetter, in the United States during the 1880s (by Samuel Yellen), in France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States during the 1890s (by Barbara Tuchman), in Russia up to 1883 (by Thomas Masaryk, in America out­side the United States and in northern Europe out­side Britain up to the 1930s (by George Woodcock), and in Spain during the 1930s (by Hugh Thomas), to­gether with Alexander Berkman’s diary of the Kronstadt Rising (1921).

  “The Socio­logical Di­men­sion” con­tains ex­tracts from Sorel’s book Re­flec­tions on Viol­ence (1906)*; Paul Goodman’s book Draw­ing the Line (1946); Robert Presthus’s book The Organ­isa­tional So­ciety (1962); Philip Selznick’s article “Revo­lu­tion Sacred and Pro­fane”, from the maga­zine Enquiry (1944); and Karl Shapiro’s article “On the Re­vival of Anarch­ism”, from the maga­zine Lib­er­a­tion (1961).

  Patterns of Anarchy has 570 pages. It begins with a Fore­word and ends with an essay called “Anarch­ism: The Method of Indi­vidu­al­isa­tion” by the editors. The rest of the book is di­vided into seven sec­tions con­tain­ing 63 pas­sages.

  “Defin­ing Anarch­ism” con­tains ex­tracts from D. Novak’s article “The Place of Anarch­ism in the History of Polit­ical Thought”, from the maga­zine The Re­view of Polit­ics (1958); John Mackay’s novel The Anarch­ists (1891); Senex’s article “Whither the Liber­tarian Move­ment?”, from the maga­zine Vanguard (1933); George Woodcock’s pamph­let Rail­ways and So­ciety (1943)*; James Estey’s book Re­volu­tion­ary Syn­dic­al­ism (1913); Ammon Hennacy’s Auto­bio­graphy of a Cath­olic Anarch­ist (1954); and Paul Goodman’s “Reply”, to Richard Lichtman on porno­graphy and cen­sor­ship from the maga­zine Com­ment­ary (1961).

  “Cri­ti­cising So­cial­ism”—au­thor­it­arian so­cial­ism, that is—con­tains ex­tracts from Benjamin Tucker’s article “State So­cial­ism and Anarch­ism”, from his maga­zine Liberty (1886)* and his book Instead of a Book (1893); Tolstoy’s book The Slavery of Our Times (1900); Bakunin’s books Fed­er­al­ism, So­cial­ism and Anti­theo­lo­gism (1867)* and The Knouto-Germanic Empire and the So­cial Re­volu­tion (1871)*, and some minor works of the same period from K. J. Kenafick’s book Marx­ism, Free­dom and the State (1950); Emma Goldman’s book My Further Dis­il­lu­sion­ment in Russia (1924); the anarchy Edit­or­ial “Mov­ing with the Times … but Not in Step” from anarchy 3 (May 1961); and Paul Goodman’s book People or Person­nel (1965).

  “Philo­soph­ical Founda­tions” con­tains ex­tracts from Adin Ballou’s Non-Resist­ance in Rela­tion to Human Govern­ment (1839)*; Nicolas Berdyaev’s book Slavery and Free­dom (1944); Max Stirner’s The Ego and His Own (1845)*; William Godwin’s Polit­ical Just­ice (1793); Stephen Andrews’ book The Sci­ence of So­ciety (1852); and Kropotkin’s pamph­lets Anarch­ist Com­mun­ism (1887)*, Anarch­ist Moral­ity (1891)*, and Anarchy: Its Philo­sophy and Ideal (1896)*.

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  “Anarch­ism on the At­tack” con­tains ex­tracts from Lysander Spooner’s No Treason (1867); Benjamin Tucker’s article “The Rela­tion of the State to the Indi­vidual”, from his maga­zine Liberty (1890)* and Instead of a Book; Max Stirner’s The Ego and His Own; John Beverley Robin­son’s book The Eco­nom­ics of Liberty (1916); Frank Lanham’s article “Two Kinds of Union­ism” from the maga­zine Why? (1947); Sam Weiner’s pamph­let Ethics and Amer­ican Union­ism (1958); Kropotkin’s pamph­let Law and Author­ity (1882); and Alex Comfort’s book Author­ity and De­lin­quency in the Modern State (1950).

  “Con­struct­ive Anarch­ism” con­tains ex­tracts from Josiah Warren’s book Equit­able Com­merce (1846); Charles Dana’s articles “Proudhon and His Bank of the People”, from the New York Tribune (1849)*; Alexander Berkman’s pamphlet What is Com­mun­ist Anarch­ism? (1929)*; Senex’s article “De­central­isa­tion and So­cial­ism”, from the maga­zine Van­guard (1938); Rudolf Rocker’s book Anarcho-Syn­dic­al­ism (1938); Ammon Hennacy’s Auto­bio­graphy of a Cath­olic Anarch­ist (1954); Dorothy Day’s book The Long Lone­li­ness (1952); Paul Goodman’s People or Person­nel (1965); and Colin Ward’s articles “Anarch­ism as a Theory of Organ­isa­tion” and “Ad­ven­ture Play­ground”, from anarchy 62 (April 1966) and anarchy 7 (September 1961).

  “The Anarch­ists on Edu­ca­tion” con­tains ex­tracts from Herbert Read’s books Edu­ca­tion through Art (1943) and Edu­ca­tion for Peace (1949); Francis­co Ferrer’s book The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School (1908)*; Bayard Boyesen’s pamph­let The Modern School (1911)*; William Godwin’s books The En­quirer (1797) and Polit­ical Just­ice (1793); Tony Gibson’s pamph­let Youth for Freedom (1951); Josiah Warren’s Equit­able Com­merce (1846); Paul Goodman’s book The Com­mun­ity of Schol­ars (1962); and Tolstoy’s essays “The School at Yasnaya Polyana” and “Are the Peas­ant Chil­dren to Learn to Write from Us?”*

  “How Sound is Anarch­ism?”—con­sist­ing of pas­sages at­tack­ing anarch­ism—con­tains ex­tracts from Bertrand Russell’s book Roads to Free­dom (1918)*; Georgi Plekhanov’s book Anarch­ism and So­cial­ism (1894)*; Bernard Shaw’s pamph­let The Im­pos­sibil­it­ies of Anarch­ism (1893); Frédéric Bastiat’s Essays in Polit­ical Eco­nomy (1874); two letters from Hugo Bilgram to Benjamin Tucker’s maga­zine Liberty (1890)*, from Tucker’s Instead of a Book; James Estey’s Re­volu­tion­ary Syn­dic­al­ism (1913); Aylmer Maude’s Life of Tolstoy (1918 and 1928); Karl Marx’s at­tack on Max Stirner in The German Ideo­logy (1846)*, as sum­mar­ised in Sidney Hook’s book From Hegel to Marx (1962); and D. H. Monro’s book Godwin’s Moral Philo­sophy (1953).

  General dis­cus­sion of the books must un­for­tun­ately begin with general cri­ti­cism. My first cri­ti­cism is of their bib­lio­graph­ical and bio­graph­ical ap­par­atus. In both books—though The Anarch­ists is the worst of­fender—the notes about the sources of nearly half the pas­sages are in­ad­equate, and in too many cases they are in­ac­curate as well.

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* I have aster­isked the pas­sages which have some­thing wrong with them, and this will give an idea of the prob­lem; there is no room here to list all the mis­takes in detail.

** These two stories have been de­mol­ished by Vernon Richards in his article “Anarch­ism and the His­tor­i­ans” (anarchy 46) and his book Malatesta: His Life and Ideas (1965).

† Thomas Masaryk’s Spirit of Russia may have been a good book when it was pub­lished, nearly half a cen­tury ago, but it has been com­pletely super­seded by Franco Venturi’s Russian Pop­u­lism—pub­lished in this country as Roots of Revo­lu­tion (1960).