Anarchy 70/Libertarian Psychiatry: an introduction to existential analysis - Revision history

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 {{tab}}Goffman states that only a small number of pa&shy;tients enter mental hos&shy;pital will&shy;ingly, in the sense that they believe it will be good for them, having come to see them&shy;selves as {{qq|men&shy;tally un&shy;bal&shy;anced}}—and as Laing and Cooper argue, even in these cases this self{{-}}per&shy;cep&shy;tion as being {{qq|ill}} or {{qq|mad}} can be in&shy;duced by the beha&shy;viour or strat&shy;egy of the person{{s}} im&shy;medi&shy;ate relat&shy;ives and con&shy;tacts. The sequence from {{qq|person to pa&shy;tient}} can follow a series of as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated stages set in mo&shy;tion by a {{qq|com&shy;plain&shy;ant}} who sees an action on the part of the pre{{-}}pa&shy;tient as per&shy;haps a {{qq|last{{-}}straw}} and re&shy;fers him to a suc&shy;ces&shy;sion of {{qq|medi&shy;ators}}—prob&shy;ably drawn from among teach&shy;ers, so&shy;cial workers, clergy, psych&shy;iatrists, law&shy;yers, po&shy;lice—one of whom, with co{{-}}opera&shy;tion from the {{qq|sick}} man{{s}} relat&shy;ives, will com&shy;mit the indi&shy;vidual to hos&shy;pital with legal sanc&shy;tion. {{qq|The so&shy;ciety{{s}} offi&shy;cial view,}} writes Goffman, {{qq|is that in&shy;mates are there because they are suf&shy;fer&shy;ing from mental ill&shy;ness. However, in the degree that the {{q|men&shy;tally ill}} out&shy;side hos&shy;pitals numer&shy;ically ap&shy;proach or sur&shy;pass those inside hos&shy;pitals, one could say that mental pa&shy;tients dis&shy;tinct&shy;ively suf&shy;fer not from mental ill&shy;ness, but from con&shy;tin&shy;gen&shy;cies.}}<ref>ibid., p. 135.</ref> In other words, good or bad luck—de&shy;pend&shy;ing on your point of view. One might debate the degree to which this whole pro&shy;cess is {{qq|volun&shy;tary}}—bear&shy;ing in mind that the indi&shy;vidual is un&shy;pre&shy;pared for the nature of his future life in the hos&shy;pital, is prob&shy;ably living {{p|360}}in so&shy;cially dis&shy;tres&shy;sing circum&shy;stances which would have the ef&shy;fect of making most al&shy;tern&shy;at&shy;ives seem favour&shy;able, and is sub&shy;ject to col&shy;lus&shy;ive pres&shy;sure from both relat&shy;ives and {{qq|medi&shy;ators}}.
-{{tab}}As {{w|Malatesta|Errico_Malatesta|Errico Malatesta}} noted in his essay {{qq|{{l|Anarchy|http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-anarchy|Full text at the Anarchist Library}}}}, {{qq|Organs and func&shy;tions are in&shy;separ&shy;able terms. Take from an organ its func&shy;tion, and either the organ will die, or the func&shy;tion will re&shy;in&shy;state itself.}} The ex&shy;ist&shy;ence of the mental hos&shy;pital is just&shy;ified by its func&shy;tion of curing the men&shy;tally ill. {{qq|The pa&shy;tient{{s}} pres&shy;ence in the hos&shy;pital is taken as ''{{popup|prima facie|sufficient until proven otherwise}}'' evid&shy;ence that he is men&shy;tally ill, since the hos&shy;pital&shy;iza&shy;tion of these per&shy;sons is what the in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion is for.}} A very com&shy;mon answer to a pa&shy;tient who claims he is sane is the state&shy;ment: {{qq|If you aren{{t}} sick you wouldn{{t}} be in the hos&shy;pital.}}<ref>ibid., p. 380.</ref> One con&shy;sequence of this for the person ini&shy;tiated into a {{qq|career}} as a mental pa&shy;tient is that his past life will be re&shy;struc&shy;tured in terms of a {{qq|case history}}—and he may be denied rights of pri&shy;vacy over what he pre&shy;vi&shy;ously re&shy;garded as {{qq|his own busi&shy;ness}}—any facet of which may now pro&shy;vide evid&shy;ence of {{qq|symp&shy;toms}}.<ref>For a re&shy;con&shy;struc&shy;tion of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atric inter&shy;roga&shy;tion see {{qq|The Case Con&shy;fer&shy;ence}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178|Library of Congress catalogue entry}}'', No. 11, Summer, 1966. {{w|Elias Canetti<!-&shy;- 'Elia Canetti' in original -->|Elias_Canetti|Elias Canetti}} has written that {{qq|ques&shy;tion&shy;ing is a for&shy;cible in&shy;tru&shy;sion. When used as an in&shy;stru&shy;ment of power, it is like a knife cut&shy;ting into the flesh of the vic&shy;tim. &hellip; The most blat&shy;ant tyranny is the one that asks the most ques&shy;tions}} ({{w|''Crowds and Power''|Crowds_and_Power|Crowds and Power}}, Gollancz, 1962).</ref> Once inside, the pa&shy;tient may find the in&shy;ternal organ&shy;isa&shy;tion of the asylum domin&shy;ated by a {{qq|ward system}} separ&shy;at&shy;ing pa&shy;tients off into {{qq|dis&shy;ease}} cat&shy;egor&shy;ies, the vari&shy;ous levels pro&shy;vid&shy;ing dif&shy;fer&shy;ent stand&shy;ards of ac&shy;com&shy;mod&shy;a&shy;tion, food and grounds{{-}}and{{-}}town {{qq|priv&shy;ileges}}, among other factors of import&shy;ance in the life of the pa&shy;tient. The ma&shy;terial and so&shy;cial pro&shy;vi&shy;sions on each ward level are offi&shy;cially those that are most ap&shy;propri&shy;ate to the mental con&shy;di&shy;tion of the pa&shy;tient. But whilst the system may be just&shy;ified by its par&shy;tis&shy;ans on these grounds, it has an un&shy;ac&shy;know&shy;ledged func&shy;tion as an inmate{{-}}con&shy;trol&shy;ling device. There is a direct par&shy;al&shy;lel here with the al&shy;leged pur&shy;pose of the {{w|stream&shy;ing|Tracking_(education)|Tracking (education)}} system in schools; in&shy;vari&shy;ably de&shy;fended on the basis of its edu&shy;ca&shy;tional value yet actu&shy;ally opera&shy;ting in schools as an im&shy;port&shy;ant com&shy;pon&shy;ent of the dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary system. And in asylums, as in schools, these {{qq|divide and rule}} dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary strat&shy;egies have de&shy;veloped as the best method of {{qq|man&shy;age&shy;ment by a small staff of a large number of in&shy;volun&shy;tary in&shy;mates}}.
+{{tab}}As {{w|Malatesta|Errico_Malatesta|Errico Malatesta}} noted in his essay {{qq|{{l|Anarchy|http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-anarchy|Full text at the Anarchist Library}}}}, {{qq|Organs and func&shy;tions are in&shy;separ&shy;able terms. Take from an organ its func&shy;tion, and either the organ will die, or the func&shy;tion will re&shy;in&shy;state itself.}} The ex&shy;ist&shy;ence of the mental hos&shy;pital is just&shy;ified by its func&shy;tion of curing the men&shy;tally ill. {{qq|The pa&shy;tient{{s}} pres&shy;ence in the hos&shy;pital is taken as ''{{popup|prima facie|sufficient until proven otherwise}}'' evid&shy;ence that he is men&shy;tally ill, since the hos&shy;pital&shy;iza&shy;tion of these per&shy;sons is what the in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion is for.}} A very com&shy;mon answer to a pa&shy;tient who claims he is sane is the state&shy;ment: {{qq|If you aren{{t}} sick you wouldn{{t}} be in the hos&shy;pital.}}<ref>ibid., p. 380.</ref> One con&shy;sequence of this for the person ini&shy;tiated into a {{qq|career}} as a mental pa&shy;tient is that his past life will be re&shy;struc&shy;tured in terms of a {{qq|case history}}—and he may be denied rights of pri&shy;vacy over what he pre&shy;vi&shy;ously re&shy;garded as {{qq|his own busi&shy;ness}}—any facet of which may now pro&shy;vide evid&shy;ence of {{qq|symp&shy;toms}}.<ref>For a re&shy;con&shy;struc&shy;tion of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atric inter&shy;roga&shy;tion see {{qq|The Case Con&shy;fer&shy;ence}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178|Library of Congress catalogue entry}}'', No. 11, Summer, 1966. {{w|Elias Canetti<!-- 'Elia Canetti' in original -->|Elias_Canetti|Elias Canetti}} has written that {{qq|ques&shy;tion&shy;ing is a for&shy;cible in&shy;tru&shy;sion. When used as an in&shy;stru&shy;ment of power, it is like a knife cut&shy;ting into the flesh of the vic&shy;tim. &hellip; The most blat&shy;ant tyranny is the one that asks the most ques&shy;tions}} ({{w|''Crowds and Power''|Crowds_and_Power|Crowds and Power}}, Gollancz, 1962).</ref> Once inside, the pa&shy;tient may find the in&shy;ternal organ&shy;isa&shy;tion of the asylum domin&shy;ated by a {{qq|ward system}} separ&shy;at&shy;ing pa&shy;tients off into {{qq|dis&shy;ease}} cat&shy;egor&shy;ies, the vari&shy;ous levels pro&shy;vid&shy;ing dif&shy;fer&shy;ent stand&shy;ards of ac&shy;com&shy;mod&shy;a&shy;tion, food and grounds{{-}}and{{-}}town {{qq|priv&shy;ileges}}, among other factors of import&shy;ance in the life of the pa&shy;tient. The ma&shy;terial and so&shy;cial pro&shy;vi&shy;sions on each ward level are offi&shy;cially those that are most ap&shy;propri&shy;ate to the mental con&shy;di&shy;tion of the pa&shy;tient. But whilst the system may be just&shy;ified by its par&shy;tis&shy;ans on these grounds, it has an un&shy;ac&shy;know&shy;ledged func&shy;tion as an inmate{{-}}con&shy;trol&shy;ling device. There is a direct par&shy;al&shy;lel here with the al&shy;leged pur&shy;pose of the {{w|stream&shy;ing|Tracking_(education)|Tracking (education)}} system in schools; in&shy;vari&shy;ably de&shy;fended on the basis of its edu&shy;ca&shy;tional value yet actu&shy;ally opera&shy;ting in schools as an im&shy;port&shy;ant com&shy;pon&shy;ent of the dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary system. And in asylums, as in schools, these {{qq|divide and rule}} dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary strat&shy;egies have de&shy;veloped as the best method of {{qq|man&shy;age&shy;ment by a small staff of a large number of in&shy;volun&shy;tary in&shy;mates}}.
 {{tab}}Because so&shy;ciety needs luna&shy;tics to pro&shy;vide it with re&shy;as&shy;sur&shy;ance of its own san&shy;ity, so it has need of in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tions to con&shy;tain them. But as with prisons, the real enemy is not the ma&shy;terial struc&shy;ture—{{qq|It is our own anxi&shy;ety which forces us to lock people up}}<ref>A sen&shy;tence of Dr. Joshua Dierer{{s}}, speak&shy;ing at the {{w|World Federa&shy;tion of Mental Health|World_Federation_for_Mental_Health|World Federation for Mental Health}}, 1960 (quoted by [[Author:Colin Ward|Colin Ward]] in {{qq|[[Anarchy 4/Where the shoe pinches|Where The Shoe Pinches]]}}, [[Anarchy 4|{{sc|anarchy}} 4]]).</ref>—and it is through anxi&shy;ety about our own san&shy;ity that we build walls around the {{qq|men&shy;tally ill}}. {{qq|Mental hos&shy;pitals are not found in our so&shy;ciety because super&shy;visors, psych&shy;iatrists and at&shy;tend&shy;ants want jobs; mental hos&shy;pitals are found because there is a market for them. If all the mental hos&shy;pitals in a given region were emptied and closed down today, to&shy;morrow relat&shy;ives, po&shy;lice, and judges would raise a clamour for new ones; and these true clients of the mental hos&shy;pital would de&shy;&shy;mand an in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion to sat&shy;isfy their needs.}}<ref>Goffman, op. cit., p. 384.</ref>

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 {{tab}}Goffman states that only a small number of pa&shy;tients enter mental hos&shy;pital will&shy;ingly, in the sense that they believe it will be good for them, having come to see them&shy;selves as {{qq|men&shy;tally un&shy;bal&shy;anced}}{{dash}}and as Laing and Cooper argue, even in these cases this self{{-}}per&shy;cep&shy;tion as being {{qq|ill}} or {{qq|mad}} can be in&shy;duced by the beha&shy;viour or strat&shy;egy of the person{{s}} im&shy;medi&shy;ate relat&shy;ives and con&shy;tacts. The sequence from {{qq|person to pa&shy;tient}} can follow a series of as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated stages set in mo&shy;tion by a {{qq|com&shy;plain&shy;ant}} who sees an action on the part of the pre{{-}}pa&shy;tient as per&shy;haps a {{qq|last{{-}}straw}} and re&shy;fers him to a suc&shy;ces&shy;sion of {{qq|medi&shy;ators}}{{dash|prob&shy;ably drawn from among teach&shy;ers, so&shy;cial workers, clergy, psych&shy;iatrists, law&shy;yers, po&shy;lice}}one of whom, with co{{-}}opera&shy;tion from the {{qq|sick}} man{{s}} relat&shy;ives, will com&shy;mit the indi&shy;vidual to hos&shy;pital with legal sanc&shy;tion. {{qq|The so&shy;ciety{{s}} offi&shy;cial view,}} writes Goffman, {{qq|is that in&shy;mates are there because they are suf&shy;fer&shy;ing from mental ill&shy;ness. However, in the degree that the {{q|men&shy;tally ill}} out&shy;side hos&shy;pitals numer&shy;ically ap&shy;proach or sur&shy;pass those inside hos&shy;pitals, one could say that mental pa&shy;tients dis&shy;tinct&shy;ively suf&shy;fer not from mental ill&shy;ness, but from con&shy;tin&shy;gen&shy;cies.}}<ref>ibid., p. 135.</ref> In other words, good or bad luck{{dash}}de&shy;pend&shy;ing on your point of view. One might debate the degree to which this whole pro&shy;cess is {{qq|volun&shy;tary}}{{dash}}bear&shy;ing in mind that the indi&shy;vidual is un&shy;pre&shy;pared for the nature of his future life in the hos&shy;pital, is prob&shy;ably living {{p|360}}in so&shy;cially dis&shy;tres&shy;sing circum&shy;stances which would have the ef&shy;fect of making most al&shy;tern&shy;at&shy;ives seem favour&shy;able, and is sub&shy;ject to col&shy;lus&shy;ive pres&shy;sure from both relat&shy;ives and {{qq|medi&shy;ators}}.
-{{tab}}As {{w|Malatesta|Errico_Malatesta}} noted in his essay {{qq|{{l|Anarchy|http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-anarchy}}}}, {{qq|Organs and func&shy;tions are in&shy;separ&shy;able terms. Take from an organ its func&shy;tion, and either the organ will die, or the func&shy;tion will re&shy;in&shy;state itself.}} The ex&shy;ist&shy;ence of the mental hos&shy;pital is just&shy;ified by its func&shy;tion of curing the men&shy;tally ill. {{qq|The pa&shy;tient{{s}} pres&shy;ence in the hos&shy;pital is taken as ''{{popup|prima facie|sufficient until proven otherwise}}'' evid&shy;ence that he is men&shy;tally ill, since the hos&shy;pital&shy;iza&shy;tion of these per&shy;sons is what the in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion is for.}} A very com&shy;mon answer to a pa&shy;tient who claims he is sane is the state&shy;ment: {{qq|If you aren{{t}} sick you wouldn{{t}} be in the hos&shy;pital.}}<ref>ibid., p. 380.</ref> One con&shy;sequence of this for the person ini&shy;tiated into a {{qq|career}} as a mental pa&shy;tient is that his past life will be re&shy;struc&shy;tured in terms of a {{qq|case history}}{{dash|and he may be denied rights of pri&shy;vacy over what he pre&shy;vi&shy;ously re&shy;garded as {{qq|his own busi&shy;ness}}}}any facet of which may now pro&shy;vide evid&shy;ence of {{qq|symp&shy;toms}}.<ref>For a re&shy;con&shy;struc&shy;tion of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atric inter&shy;roga&shy;tion see {{qq|The Case Con&shy;fer&shy;ence}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 11, Summer, 1966. {{w|Elias Canetti<!-&shy;- 'Elia Canetti' in original -->|Elias_Canetti}} has written that {{qq|ques&shy;tion&shy;ing is a for&shy;cible in&shy;tru&shy;sion. When used as an in&shy;stru&shy;ment of power, it is like a knife cut&shy;ting into the flesh of the vic&shy;tim. &hellip; The most blat&shy;ant tyranny is the one that asks the most ques&shy;tions}} ({{w|''Crowds and Power''|Crowds_and_Power}}, Gollancz, 1962).</ref> Once inside, the pa&shy;tient may find the in&shy;ternal organ&shy;isa&shy;tion of they asylum domin&shy;ated by a {{qq|ward system}} separ&shy;at&shy;ing pa&shy;tients off into {{qq|dis&shy;ease}} cat&shy;egor&shy;ies, the vari&shy;ous levels pro&shy;vid&shy;ing dif&shy;fer&shy;ent stand&shy;ards of ac&shy;com&shy;mod&shy;a&shy;tion, food and grounds{{-}}and{{-}}town {{qq|priv&shy;ileges}}, among other factors of import&shy;ance in the life of the pa&shy;tient. The ma&shy;terial and so&shy;cial pro&shy;vi&shy;sions on each ward level are offi&shy;cially those that are most ap&shy;propri&shy;ate to the mental con&shy;di&shy;tion of the pa&shy;tient. But whilst the system may be just&shy;ified by its par&shy;tis&shy;ans on these grounds, it has an un&shy;ac&shy;know&shy;leged func&shy;tion as an inmate{{-}}con&shy;trol&shy;ling device. There is a direct par&shy;al&shy;lel here with the al&shy;leged pur&shy;pose of the {{w|stream&shy;ing|Tracking_(education)}} system in schools; in&shy;vari&shy;ably de&shy;fended on the basis of its edu&shy;ca&shy;tional value yet actu&shy;ally opera&shy;ting in schools as an im&shy;port&shy;ant com&shy;pon&shy;ent of the dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary system. And in asylums, as in schools, these {{qq|divide and rule}} dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary strat&shy;egies have de&shy;veloped as the best method of {{qq|man&shy;age&shy;ment by a small staff of a large number of in&shy;volun&shy;tary in&shy;mates}}.
+{{tab}}As {{w|Malatesta|Errico_Malatesta}} noted in his essay {{qq|{{l|Anarchy|http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-anarchy}}}}, {{qq|Organs and func&shy;tions are in&shy;separ&shy;able terms. Take from an organ its func&shy;tion, and either the organ will die, or the func&shy;tion will re&shy;in&shy;state itself.}} The ex&shy;ist&shy;ence of the mental hos&shy;pital is just&shy;ified by its func&shy;tion of curing the men&shy;tally ill. {{qq|The pa&shy;tient{{s}} pres&shy;ence in the hos&shy;pital is taken as ''{{popup|prima facie|sufficient until proven otherwise}}'' evid&shy;ence that he is men&shy;tally ill, since the hos&shy;pital&shy;iza&shy;tion of these per&shy;sons is what the in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion is for.}} A very com&shy;mon answer to a pa&shy;tient who claims he is sane is the state&shy;ment: {{qq|If you aren{{t}} sick you wouldn{{t}} be in the hos&shy;pital.}}<ref>ibid., p. 380.</ref> One con&shy;sequence of this for the person ini&shy;tiated into a {{qq|career}} as a mental pa&shy;tient is that his past life will be re&shy;struc&shy;tured in terms of a {{qq|case history}}{{dash|and he may be denied rights of pri&shy;vacy over what he pre&shy;vi&shy;ously re&shy;garded as {{qq|his own busi&shy;ness}}}}any facet of which may now pro&shy;vide evid&shy;ence of {{qq|symp&shy;toms}}.<ref>For a re&shy;con&shy;struc&shy;tion of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atric inter&shy;roga&shy;tion see {{qq|The Case Con&shy;fer&shy;ence}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 11, Summer, 1966. {{w|Elias Canetti<!-&shy;- 'Elia Canetti' in original -->|Elias_Canetti}} has written that {{qq|ques&shy;tion&shy;ing is a for&shy;cible in&shy;tru&shy;sion. When used as an in&shy;stru&shy;ment of power, it is like a knife cut&shy;ting into the flesh of the vic&shy;tim. &hellip; The most blat&shy;ant tyranny is the one that asks the most ques&shy;tions}} ({{w|''Crowds and Power''|Crowds_and_Power}}, Gollancz, 1962).</ref> Once inside, the pa&shy;tient may find the in&shy;ternal organ&shy;isa&shy;tion of the asylum domin&shy;ated by a {{qq|ward system}} separ&shy;at&shy;ing pa&shy;tients off into {{qq|dis&shy;ease}} cat&shy;egor&shy;ies, the vari&shy;ous levels pro&shy;vid&shy;ing dif&shy;fer&shy;ent stand&shy;ards of ac&shy;com&shy;mod&shy;a&shy;tion, food and grounds{{-}}and{{-}}town {{qq|priv&shy;ileges}}, among other factors of import&shy;ance in the life of the pa&shy;tient. The ma&shy;terial and so&shy;cial pro&shy;vi&shy;sions on each ward level are offi&shy;cially those that are most ap&shy;propri&shy;ate to the mental con&shy;di&shy;tion of the pa&shy;tient. But whilst the system may be just&shy;ified by its par&shy;tis&shy;ans on these grounds, it has an un&shy;ac&shy;know&shy;ledged func&shy;tion as an inmate{{-}}con&shy;trol&shy;ling device. There is a direct par&shy;al&shy;lel here with the al&shy;leged pur&shy;pose of the {{w|stream&shy;ing|Tracking_(education)}} system in schools; in&shy;vari&shy;ably de&shy;fended on the basis of its edu&shy;ca&shy;tional value yet actu&shy;ally opera&shy;ting in schools as an im&shy;port&shy;ant com&shy;pon&shy;ent of the dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary system. And in asylums, as in schools, these {{qq|divide and rule}} dis&shy;ciplin&shy;ary strat&shy;egies have de&shy;veloped as the best method of {{qq|man&shy;age&shy;ment by a small staff of a large number of in&shy;volun&shy;tary in&shy;mates}}.
 {{tab}}Because so&shy;ciety needs luna&shy;tics to pro&shy;vide it with re&shy;as&shy;sur&shy;ance of its own san&shy;ity, so it has need of in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tions to con&shy;tain them. But as with prisons, the real enemy is not the ma&shy;terial struc&shy;ture{{dash|{{qq|It is our own anxi&shy;ety which forces us to lock people up}}<ref>A sen&shy;tence of Dr. Joshua Dierer{{s}}, speak&shy;ing at the {{w|World Federa&shy;tion of Mental Health|World_Federation_for_Mental_Health}}, 1960 (quoted by [[Author:Colin Ward|Colin Ward]] in {{qq|[[Anarchy 4/Where the shoe pinches|Where The Shoe Pinches]]}}, [[Anarchy 4|{{sc|anarchy}} 4]]).</ref>}}and it is through anxi&shy;ety about our own san&shy;ity that we build walls around the {{qq|men&shy;tally ill}}. {{qq|Mental hos&shy;pitals are not found in our so&shy;ciety because super&shy;visors, psych&shy;iatrists and at&shy;tend&shy;ants want jobs; mental hos&shy;pitals are found because there is a market for them. If all the mental hos&shy;pitals in a given region were emptied and closed down today, to&shy;morrow relat&shy;ives, po&shy;lice, and judges would raise a clamour for new ones; and these true clients of the mental hos&shy;pital would de&shy;&shy;mand an in&shy;sti&shy;tu&shy;tion to sat&shy;isfy their needs.}}<ref>Goffman, op. cit., p. 384.</ref>
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
-{{tab}}{{qq|In the popular mind the schizo&shy;phrenic is the proto{{-}}typical mad&shy;man{{dash}}author of the totally gra&shy;tu&shy;it&shy;ous crazy act that always has over&shy;tones of viol&shy;ence to others}}
+{{tab}}{{qq|In the popular mind the schizo&shy;phrenic is the proto{{-}}typical mad&shy;man{{dash}}author of the totally gra&shy;tu&shy;it&shy;ous crazy act that always has over&shy;tones of viol&shy;ence to others.}}
 {{r|{{w|David Cooper|David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)}}: ''Viol&shy;ence in Psychiatry''.}}

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
-{{tab}}In 1965 there were 160,000 people in mental hos&shy;pitals in Britain and an estim&shy;ated 200,000 psy&shy;chotics in the com&shy;mun&shy;ity. Nearly half of all hos&shy;pital beds are oc&shy;cu&shy;pied my the men&shy;tally ill. In a tele&shy;vision pro&shy;gramme on mental health<ref>{{w|BBC}} {{qq|{{w|Panorama|Panorama_(TV_series)}}}} on {{qq|Mental Health}}, 6th June, 1966.</ref> the number of men&shy;tally ill in Britain was given as half a million. The tele&shy;vised psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist sug&shy;gested that there were four main cat&shy;egor&shy;ies of ill&shy;ness: people with mental de&shy;form&shy;ity, {{p|357}}old people with {{qq|mental equip&shy;ment in de&shy;cline}} (&hellip; per&shy;haps old people with no&shy;where else to go?{{ref|aster2|**}}), people with physiolo&shy;gic&shy;ally normal mental equip&shy;ment but with ac&shy;quired neur&shy;otic pat&shy;terns, and lastly, vic&shy;tims of {{qq|bio{{-}}chem&shy;ical ill&shy;ness}}{{dash}}in his words, {{qq|Struck down out of the blue}}. The fourth cat&shy;egory per&shy;haps re&shy;flects, more than any&shy;thing else, the cur&shy;rently fa&shy;voured styles of treat&shy;ment!
+{{tab}}In 1965 there were 160,000 people in mental hos&shy;pitals in Britain and an estim&shy;ated 200,000 psy&shy;chotics in the com&shy;mun&shy;ity. Nearly half of all hos&shy;pital beds are oc&shy;cu&shy;pied by the men&shy;tally ill. In a tele&shy;vision pro&shy;gramme on mental health<ref>{{w|BBC}} {{qq|{{w|Panorama|Panorama_(TV_series)}}}} on {{qq|Mental Health}}, 6th June, 1966.</ref> the number of the men&shy;tally ill in Britain was given as half a million. The tele&shy;vised psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist sug&shy;gested that there were four main cat&shy;egor&shy;ies of ill&shy;ness: people with mental de&shy;form&shy;ity, {{p|357}}old people with {{qq|mental equip&shy;ment in de&shy;cline}} (&hellip; per&shy;haps old people with no&shy;where else to go?{{ref|aster2|**}}), people with physiolo&shy;gic&shy;ally normal mental equip&shy;ment but with ac&shy;quired neur&shy;otic pat&shy;terns, and lastly, vic&shy;tims of {{qq|bio{{-}}chem&shy;ical ill&shy;ness}}{{dash}}in his words, {{qq|Struck down out of the blue}}. This fourth cat&shy;egory per&shy;haps re&shy;flects, more than any&shy;thing else, the cur&shy;rently fa&shy;voured styles of treat&shy;ment!
-{{tab}}By far the largest group is the third{{dash}}the {{qq|neur&shy;otics and psychot&shy;ics}}. Among these {{qq|{{w|schizo&shy;phrenia|Schizophrenia}}}} is the most common dia&shy;gnosis. {{qq|In most European coun&shy;tries about one per cent of the popu&shy;la&shy;tion go to hos&shy;pital at least once in their life&shy;time with the dia&shy;gnosis schizo&shy;phrenia.}}<ref>{{w|David Cooper|David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)}}, {{qq|The Anti{{-}}Hos&shy;pital: An Ex&shy;peri&shy;ment in Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry}}, {{w|''New So&shy;ciety''|New_Society}}, 11th March, 1965.</ref> But what mean&shy;ing can be given to these stat&shy;istics and as&shy;sess&shy;ments without a stand&shy;ard of san&shy;ity or mad&shy;ness? {{qq|Defin&shy;i&shy;tions of mental health pro&shy;pounded by the ex&shy;perts usually re&shy;duce to the no&shy;tion of con&shy;form&shy;ism, to a set of more or less ar&shy;bit&shy;rar&shy;ily pos&shy;ited so&shy;cial norms. &hellip;}}<ref>{{w|David Cooper|David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)}}, {{qq|Viol&shy;ence in Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 8, Summer, 1965.</ref> The label&shy;ling of people as mad can have the so&shy;cial func&shy;tion of defin&shy;ing the area of {{qq|san&shy;ity}}{{dash}}per&shy;haps there is a par&shy;al&shy;lel with {{w|Durkheim|Émile_Durkheim}}{{s}} theory of crime and pun&shy;&shy;ish&shy;ment as {{qq|neces&shy;sary}} to re&shy;spect&shy;able so&shy;ciety to mark off the limits of per&shy;mis&shy;sible and toler&shy;ated beha&shy;viour. {{qq|So&shy;ciety needs lun&shy;at&shy;ics in order that it may regard itself as sane.}}<ref>ibid.</ref> It could also be argued that cer&shy;tain kinds of so&shy;ciety {{qq|need}} lun&shy;at&shy;ics as their man&shy;agers; a dis&shy;cus&shy;sion in {{w|''Peace News''|Peace_News}} re&shy;cently was con&shy;cerned with the un&shy;certi&shy;fi&shy;able mad&shy;ness of the {{w|Amer&shy;ican Presid&shy;ent|Lyndon_B._Johnson}} in rela&shy;tion to a {{qq|col&shy;lect&shy;ive norm of in&shy;san&shy;ity}}. A Cor&shy;re&shy;spond&shy;ent noted: {{qq|No sig&shy;ni&shy;fic&shy;ant mem&shy;ber of a power estab&shy;lish&shy;ment can ever be {{q|cert&shy;ifi&shy;ably in&shy;sane}} since it is this same estab&shy;lish&shy;ment which de&shy;ter&shy;mines the defin&shy;i&shy;tions of {{q|san&shy;ity}} and {{q|in&shy;san&shy;ity}} and which de&shy;cides{{dash|checked only by the oc&shy;ca&shy;sional con&shy;science of an oc&shy;ca&shy;sional pro&shy;fes&shy;sional medi&shy;cal man}}when {{qq|in&shy;san&shy;ity}} becomes {{qq|{{w|cert&shy;ifi&shy;able|Involuntary_commitment}}}}.}}<ref>Part of a letter by Pierre{{-}}Joseph Brie, {{qq|In&shy;san&shy;ity and the Egg}}, {{w|''Peace News''|Peace_News}}, 1st July, 1966.</ref>
+{{tab}}By far the largest group is the third{{dash}}the {{qq|neur&shy;otics and psychot&shy;ics}}. Among these {{qq|{{w|schizo&shy;phrenia|Schizophrenia}}}} is the most common dia&shy;gnosis. {{qq|In most European coun&shy;tries about one per cent of the popu&shy;la&shy;tion go to hos&shy;pital at least once in their life&shy;time with the dia&shy;gnosis schizo&shy;phrenia.}}<ref>{{w|David Cooper|David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)}}, {{qq|The Anti{{-}}Hos&shy;pital: An Ex&shy;peri&shy;ment in Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry}}, {{w|''New So&shy;ciety''|New_Society}}, 11th March, 1965.</ref> But what mean&shy;ing can be given to these stat&shy;istics and as&shy;sess&shy;ments without a stand&shy;ard of san&shy;ity or mad&shy;ness? {{qq|Defin&shy;i&shy;tions of mental health pro&shy;pounded by the ex&shy;perts usually re&shy;duce to the no&shy;tion of con&shy;form&shy;ism, to a set of more or less ar&shy;bit&shy;rar&shy;ily pos&shy;ited so&shy;cial norms. &hellip;}}<ref>{{w|David Cooper|David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)}}, {{qq|Viol&shy;ence in Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 8, Summer, 1965.</ref> The label&shy;ling of people as mad can have the so&shy;cial func&shy;tion of defin&shy;ing the area of {{qq|san&shy;ity}}{{dash}}per&shy;haps there is a par&shy;al&shy;lel with {{w|Durkheim|Émile_Durkheim}}{{s}} theory of crime and pun&shy;&shy;ish&shy;ment as {{qq|neces&shy;sary}} to re&shy;spect&shy;able so&shy;ciety to mark off the limits of per&shy;mis&shy;sible and toler&shy;ated beha&shy;viour. {{qq|So&shy;ciety needs lun&shy;at&shy;ics in order that it may regard itself as sane.}}<ref>ibid.</ref> It could also be argued that cer&shy;tain kinds of so&shy;ciety {{qq|need}} lun&shy;at&shy;ics as their man&shy;agers; a dis&shy;cus&shy;sion in {{w|''Peace News''|Peace_News}} re&shy;cently was con&shy;cerned with the un&shy;certi&shy;fi&shy;able mad&shy;ness of the {{w|Amer&shy;ican Presid&shy;ent|Lyndon_B._Johnson}} in rela&shy;tion to a {{qq|col&shy;lect&shy;ive norm of in&shy;san&shy;ity}}. A cor&shy;re&shy;spond&shy;ent noted: {{qq|No sig&shy;ni&shy;fic&shy;ant mem&shy;ber of a power estab&shy;lish&shy;ment can ever be {{q|cert&shy;ifi&shy;ably in&shy;sane}} since it is this same estab&shy;lish&shy;ment which de&shy;ter&shy;mines the defin&shy;i&shy;tions of {{q|san&shy;ity}} and {{q|in&shy;san&shy;ity}} and which de&shy;cides{{dash|checked only by the oc&shy;ca&shy;sional con&shy;science of an oc&shy;ca&shy;sional pro&shy;fes&shy;sional medi&shy;cal man}}when {{q|in&shy;san&shy;ity}} becomes {{q|{{w|cert&shy;ifi&shy;able|Involuntary_commitment}}}}.}}<ref>Part of a letter by Pierre{{-}}Joseph Brie, {{qq|In&shy;san&shy;ity and the Egg}}, {{w|''Peace News''|Peace_News}}, 1st July, 1966.</ref>
-{{tab}}In offi&shy;cial stat&shy;istics there must, in any case, be a murky over&shy;lap area between what comes out as {{qq|crime}} and what as {{qq|lunacy}}{{dash}}and a lot of luck in who ends up in which in&shy;stitu&shy;tion. Per&shy;haps it is the in&shy;stitu&shy;tional bureau&shy;cracy that has most need of the labels: {{qq|Ac&shy;cord&shy;ing to the common&shy;sense defin&shy;i&shy;tion,}} writes Dr. Theodore Szasz, {{qq|mental health is the abil&shy;ity to play what&shy;ever the game of so&shy;cial living might con&shy;sist of and to play it well. Con&shy;versely, to re&shy;fuse to play, or to play badly, means that the person is men&shy;tally ill. The ques&shy;tion may now be raised as to what are the dif&shy;fer&shy;ences, if any between so&shy;cial non&shy;con&shy;form&shy;ity (or devi&shy;a&shy;tion) and mental ill&shy;ness. Leaving tech&shy;nical psy&shy;chi&shy;atric con&shy;sider&shy;a&shy;tions aside for the moment, I shall argue that the dif&shy;fer&shy;ence between these two no&sh&shy;y;tions{{dash|as ex&shy;pressed for ex&shy;ample by the state&shy;ments {{q|He is wrong}} and {{q|He is men&shy;tally ill}}}}does not lie in any ob&shy;serv&shy;able ''facts'' to which they may point, but may con&shy;sist only of a dif&shy;fer&shy;ence in our ''at&shy;ti&shy;tudes'' toward our sub&shy;ject.}}<ref>{{w|T. S. Szasz|Thomas_Szasz}}, {{qq|Polit&shy;ics and Mental Health}}, {{w|''Amer&shy;ican Journal of Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry''|American_Journal_of_Psychiatry}}, No. 115 (1958) (quoted by {{w|Erving Goffman|Erving_Goffman}} in {{w|''Asylums''|Asylums_(book)}}, p. 509).</ref> What sort of be&shy;ha&shy;viour is likely to lead those with the ap&shy;propri&shy;ate at&shy;ti&shy;tudes to see signs of mental ill&shy;ness and to set going the trans&shy;fer pro&shy;cess from {{p|358}}{{qq|person to pa&shy;tient}}? {{qq|Ordin&shy;arily the patho&shy;logy which first draws at&shy;ten&shy;tion to the pa&shy;tient{{s}} con&shy;di&shy;tion is con&shy;duct that is {{q|in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate in the situ&shy;a&shy;tion}}. &hellip; Further, since in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate beha&shy;viour is typic&shy;ally beha&shy;viour that some&shy;one does not like and finds ex&shy;tremely trouble&shy;some, deci&shy;sions con&shy;cern&shy;ing it tend to be polit&shy;ical, in the sense of ex&shy;pres&shy;sing the spe&shy;cial inter&shy;ests of some par&shy;tic&shy;u&shy;lar fac&shy;tion or person. &hellip;}}<ref>{{w|Erving Goffman|Erving_Goffman}}, ''{{w|Asylums{{dash}}Essays on the So&shy;cial Situ&shy;a&shy;tion of Mental Pa&shy;tients and Other In&shy;mates|Asylums_(book)}}'', New York, Anchor Books, 1961, pp. 363-4.</ref> As an ex&shy;ample of {{qq|in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate beha&shy;viour}}, con&shy;sider the case of {{qq|The Naked Prisoner}} ({{sc|{{w|freedom|Freedom_(newspaper)}}}}, 16.10.65). Mr. Paul Pawlowski was ar&shy;rested during a demon&shy;stra&shy;tion at the {{w|Spanish Embassy|Embassy_of_Spain,_London}} in {{w|London}}. Eventu&shy;ally reach&shy;ing {{w|Brixton Prison|HM_Prison_Brixton}}, he re&shy;fused to put on the stand&shy;ard pris&shy;on&shy;er{{s|r}} uni&shy;form and was con&shy;sequently locked up, naked, in his cell. Thus he re&shy;mained for ten days. On the tenth day he was inter&shy;viewed by a so&shy;cial worker: {{qq|&hellip; You know that two doctors have seen you while you have been in Brixton &hellip; they came to the con&shy;clu&shy;sion that what you need is a little stay in a mental hos&shy;pital.}} In fact he did not have the benefit of this con&shy;fine&shy;ment. The hos&shy;pital psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist de&shy;cided that Mr. Pawlowski{{s}} opin&shy;ions were not those of the ma&shy;jor&shy;ity but {{qq|people are not put into mental hos&shy;pitals for their opin&shy;ions. They do that sort of thing in {{w|Russia|Soviet_Union}}.}}{{ref|aster3|***}} Mr. Pawlowski was for&shy;tun&shy;ate in his psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist, but it is inter&shy;est&shy;ing to see how the pre{{-}}exist&shy;ing at&shy;ti&shy;tudes of offi&shy;cials brought him to the brink of ad&shy;mis&shy;sion. The overt polit&shy;ical im&shy;plica&shy;tions may make this ex&shy;ample ex&shy;cep&shy;tional{{dash|but it would not seem to be to the ad&shy;vant&shy;age of a person sus&shy;pected of mental ill&shy;ness to have been {{qq|mixed up in polit&shy;ics}} or {{qq|the dregs of so&shy;ciety in {{w|CND|Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament}}}}}}which it seems, may well be taken as a con&shy;firm&shy;atory symp&shy;tom.{{ref|dagger|&dagger;}} The mental health service{{dash|like the edu&shy;ca&shy;tion {{qq|service}}}}is a func&shy;tional part of the present so&shy;cial system and, as such, acts to pre&shy;serve that system and its values. {{qq|The psy&shy;chi&shy;atric pro&shy;fes&shy;sion is a bureau&shy;cracy,}} writes James Green, a con&shy;trib&shy;utor to ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 8, {{qq|making an es&shy;sen&shy;tial con&shy;trib&shy;u&shy;tion to the run&shy;ning of gov&shy;ern&shy;ment and ad&shy;minis&shy;tra&shy;tion. &hellip; Most psy&shy;chi&shy;atrists would prob&shy;ably take for granted the struc&shy;ture and values of their own so&shy;ciety, in such a way that the thera&shy;peutic pro&shy;cess becomes a ques&shy;tion of re&shy;turn&shy;ing the sick person to his so&shy;cial con&shy;text or roles, e.g. his family, whether the con&shy;text and roles are them&shy;selves satis&shy;fact&shy;ory.}} Al&shy;though no doubt un&shy;repre&shy;sent&shy;at&shy;ive and redol&shy;ent of {{qq|what they do in Russia}} I can&shy;not resist quot&shy;ing the words of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist par&shy;ti&shy;cipant in a re&shy;cently tele&shy;vised dis&shy;cus&shy;sion: {{qq|Our func&shy;tion is to get people well enough to be in&shy;doc&shy;trin&shy;ated.}} It would be mis&shy;lead&shy;ing to sug&shy;gest that any&shy;thing but a tiny minor&shy;ity become in&shy;mates of asylums simply or only because they hold dis&shy;ap&shy;proved {{p|359}}opin&shy;ions, but pos&shy;sibly such cases may lead to a con&shy;sider&shy;a&shy;tion of the far more subtle {{qq|polit&shy;ical}} and so&shy;cial mean&shy;ing of the label&shy;ling and con&shy;fine&shy;ment of the un&shy;vocal ma&shy;jor&shy;ity.
+{{tab}}In offi&shy;cial stat&shy;istics there must, in any case, be a murky over&shy;lap area between what comes out as {{qq|crime}} and what as {{qq|lunacy}}{{dash}}and a lot of luck in who ends up in which in&shy;stitu&shy;tion. Per&shy;haps it is the in&shy;stitu&shy;tional bureau&shy;cracy that has most need of the labels: {{qq|Ac&shy;cord&shy;ing to the common&shy;sense defin&shy;i&shy;tion,}} writes Dr. Theodore Szasz, {{qq|mental health is the abil&shy;ity to play what&shy;ever the game of so&shy;cial living might con&shy;sist of and to play it well. Con&shy;versely, to re&shy;fuse to play, or to play badly, means that the person is men&shy;tally ill. The ques&shy;tion may now be raised as to what are the dif&shy;fer&shy;ences, if any, between so&shy;cial non&shy;con&shy;form&shy;ity (or devi&shy;a&shy;tion) and mental ill&shy;ness. Leaving tech&shy;nical psy&shy;chi&shy;atric con&shy;sider&shy;a&shy;tions aside for the moment, I shall argue that the dif&shy;fer&shy;ence between these two no&shy;tions{{dash|as ex&shy;pressed for ex&shy;ample by the state&shy;ments {{q|He is wrong}} and {{q|He is men&shy;tally ill}}}}does not lie in any ob&shy;serv&shy;able ''facts'' to which they may point, but may con&shy;sist only of a dif&shy;fer&shy;ence in our ''at&shy;ti&shy;tudes'' toward our sub&shy;ject.}}<ref>{{w|T. S. Szasz|Thomas_Szasz}}, {{qq|Polit&shy;ics and Mental Health}}, {{w|''Amer&shy;ican Journal of Psy&shy;chi&shy;atry''|American_Journal_of_Psychiatry}}, No. 115 (1958) (quoted by {{w|Erving Goffman|Erving_Goffman}} in {{w|''Asylums''|Asylums_(book)}}, p. 509).</ref> What sort of be&shy;ha&shy;viour is likely to lead those with the ap&shy;propri&shy;ate at&shy;ti&shy;tudes to see signs of mental ill&shy;ness and to set going the trans&shy;fer pro&shy;cess from {{p|358}}{{qq|person to pa&shy;tient}}? {{qq|Ordin&shy;arily the patho&shy;logy which first draws at&shy;ten&shy;tion to the pa&shy;tient{{s}} con&shy;di&shy;tion is con&shy;duct that is {{q|in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate in the situ&shy;a&shy;tion}}. &hellip; Further, since in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate beha&shy;viour is typic&shy;ally beha&shy;viour that some&shy;one does not like and finds ex&shy;tremely trouble&shy;some, deci&shy;sions con&shy;cern&shy;ing it tend to be polit&shy;ical, in the sense of ex&shy;pres&shy;sing the spe&shy;cial inter&shy;ests of some par&shy;tic&shy;u&shy;lar fac&shy;tion or person. &hellip;}}<ref>{{w|Erving Goffman|Erving_Goffman}}, ''{{w|Asylums{{dash}}Essays on the So&shy;cial Situ&shy;a&shy;tion of Mental Pa&shy;tients and Other In&shy;mates|Asylums_(book)}}'', New York, Anchor Books, 1961, pp. 363-4.</ref> As an ex&shy;ample of {{qq|in&shy;ap&shy;propri&shy;ate beha&shy;viour}}, con&shy;sider the case of {{qq|The Naked Prisoner}} ({{sc|{{w|freedom|Freedom_(newspaper)}}}}, 16.10.65). Mr. Paul Pawlowski was ar&shy;rested during a demon&shy;stra&shy;tion at the {{w|Spanish Embassy|Embassy_of_Spain,_London}} in {{w|London}}. Eventu&shy;ally reach&shy;ing {{w|Brixton Prison|HM_Prison_Brixton}}, he re&shy;fused to put on the stand&shy;ard pris&shy;on&shy;er{{s|r}} uni&shy;form and was con&shy;sequently locked up, naked, in his cell. Thus he re&shy;mained for ten days. On the tenth day he was inter&shy;viewed by a so&shy;cial worker: {{qq|&hellip; You know that two doctors have seen you while you have been in Brixton &hellip; they came to the con&shy;clu&shy;sion that what you need is a little stay in a mental hos&shy;pital.}} In fact he did not have the benefit of this con&shy;fine&shy;ment. The hos&shy;pital psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist de&shy;cided that Mr. Pawlowski{{s}} opin&shy;ions were not those of the ma&shy;jor&shy;ity but {{qq|people are not put into mental hos&shy;pitals for their opin&shy;ions. They do that sort of thing in {{w|Russia|Soviet_Union}}.}}{{ref|aster3|***}} Mr. Pawlowski was for&shy;tun&shy;ate in his psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist, but it is inter&shy;est&shy;ing to see how the pre{{-}}exist&shy;ing at&shy;ti&shy;tudes of offi&shy;cials brought him to the brink of ad&shy;mis&shy;sion. The overt polit&shy;ical im&shy;plica&shy;tions may make this ex&shy;ample ex&shy;cep&shy;tional{{dash|but it would not seem to be to the ad&shy;vant&shy;age of a person sus&shy;pected of mental ill&shy;ness to have been {{qq|mixed up in polit&shy;ics}} or {{qq|the dregs of so&shy;ciety in {{w|CND|Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament}}}}}}which it seems, may well be taken as a con&shy;firm&shy;atory symp&shy;tom.{{ref|dagger|&dagger;}} The mental health service{{dash|like the edu&shy;ca&shy;tion {{qq|service}}}}is a func&shy;tional part of the present so&shy;cial system and, as such, acts to pre&shy;serve that system and its values. {{qq|The psy&shy;chi&shy;atric pro&shy;fes&shy;sion is a bureau&shy;cracy,}} writes James Green, a con&shy;trib&shy;utor to ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 8, {{qq|making an es&shy;sen&shy;tial con&shy;trib&shy;u&shy;tion to the run&shy;ning of gov&shy;ern&shy;ment and ad&shy;minis&shy;tra&shy;tion. &hellip; Most psy&shy;chi&shy;atrists would prob&shy;ably take for granted the struc&shy;ture and values of their own so&shy;ciety, in such a way that the thera&shy;peutic pro&shy;cess becomes a ques&shy;tion of re&shy;turn&shy;ing the sick person to his so&shy;cial con&shy;text or roles, e.g. his family, whether or not this is good for him, and without ques&shy;tion&shy;ing whether the con&shy;text and roles are them&shy;selves satis&shy;fact&shy;ory.}} Al&shy;though no doubt un&shy;repre&shy;sent&shy;at&shy;ive and redol&shy;ent of {{qq|what they do in Russia}} I can&shy;not resist quot&shy;ing the words of a psy&shy;chi&shy;atrist par&shy;ti&shy;cipant in a re&shy;cently tele&shy;vised dis&shy;cus&shy;sion: {{qq|Our func&shy;tion is to get people well enough to be in&shy;doc&shy;trin&shy;ated.}} It would be mis&shy;lead&shy;ing to sug&shy;gest that any&shy;thing but a tiny minor&shy;ity become in&shy;mates of asylums simply or only because they hold dis&shy;ap&shy;proved {{p|359}}opin&shy;ions, but pos&shy;sibly such cases may lead to a con&shy;sider&shy;a&shy;tion of the far more subtle {{qq|polit&shy;ical}} and so&shy;cial mean&shy;ing of the label&shy;ling and con&shy;fine&shy;ment of the un&shy;vocal ma&shy;jor&shy;ity.

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−	{{tab}}The only extended criticism known to me of the work and ideas of these British psychiatrists is an article by B. A. Farrell called {{qq\|The Logic of Existential Analysis}} which appeared in ''New Society'' ({{popup\|1.10.65\|1 October 1965}}). This writer argues that the existentialists have dismissed orthodox views on the causes and treatment of schizophrenia on inadequate grounds and also make logically unwarrantable deductions from their research into families of schizophrenics. Referring to the claim of Laing and Esterson that they have made the {{qq\|symptoms}} of schizophrenia intelligible, he makes the point that even if they are successful in doing this, making the symptoms intelligible is not the same thing as establishing truth for their hypothesis. Farrell comments that {{qq\|this would be a trivial point to make}} if we had other grounds for believing that the narratives were true. In relation to their suggestions for treatment he asks for evidence that units of the {{qq\|anti{{-}}hospital type produce results {{qq\|as good as, or better than, the traditional methods}}. In conclusion he advises them that some of the opposition to their work might not have been so vehement had they avoided {{qq\|abusive}} and {{qq\|intemperate}} language in their references to the Establishment; and also that {{qq\|they would help themselves if they could avoid giving the impression that they had fallen in love with their schizophrenic patients. …}}	+	{{tab}}The only extended criticism known to me of the work and ideas of these British psychiatrists is an article by B. A. Farrell called {{qq\|The Logic of Existential Analysis}} which appeared in ''New Society'' ({{popup\|1.10.65\|1 October 1965}}). This writer argues that the existentialists have dismissed orthodox views on the causes and treatment of schizophrenia on inadequate grounds and also make logically unwarrantable deductions from their research into families of schizophrenics. Referring to the claim of Laing and Esterson that they have made the {{qq\|symptoms}} of schizophrenia intelligible, he makes the point that even if they are successful in doing this, making the symptoms intelligible is not the same thing as establishing truth for their hypothesis. Farrell comments that {{qq\|this would be a trivial point to make}} if we had other grounds for believing that the narratives were true. In relation to their suggestions for treatment he asks for evidence that units of the {{qq\|anti{{-}}hospital}} type produce results {{qq\|as good as, or better than, the traditional methods}}. In conclusion he advises them that some of the opposition to their work might not have been so vehement had they avoided {{qq\|abusive}} and {{qq\|intemperate}} language in their references to the Establishment; and also that {{qq\|they would help themselves if they could avoid giving the impression that they had fallen in love with their schizophrenic patients. …}}

	{{tab}}Correspondents in subsequent issues suggested some answers to these criticisms. Commenting on Mr. Farrell{{s}} remark on the lack of supportive evidence, Dr. John Bowlby wrote: {{qq\|Although Dr. Laing{{s}} is the only psychiatric group in this country publishing material of its sort, in the {{w\|United States\|United_States}} there are several. The two best known are the group at the {{w\|National Institute of Mental Health\|National_Institute_of_Mental_Health}} … and the one at {{w\|Palo Alto\|Palo_Alto,_California}}. … Each of these research groups has used methods and reported findings essentially similar to those of Dr. Laing. Some of their most recent reports … are of projects that at critical points in the procedure are {{q\|blind}} in just the way that Mr. Farrell rightly requests. In addition to a number of findings derived from quite other methods are supportive. … There is thus substantial evidence derived from more than one method in support of the Laing type of hypothesis. … When compared with evidence advanced to support other types of hypothesis, it is not unimpressive. On the one hand it is ''far more substantial'' than any yet offered in support of psycho{{-}}analytic theories, whether traditional or {{w\|Kleinian\|Melanie_Klein}}, and, on the other, more consistent than that supporting a genetic{{-}}biochemical type of theory}} (my italics).<ref>Extract from letter in ''{{w\|New Society\|New_Society}}'', 4th November, 1965.</ref>		{{tab}}Correspondents in subsequent issues suggested some answers to these criticisms. Commenting on Mr. Farrell{{s}} remark on the lack of supportive evidence, Dr. John Bowlby wrote: {{qq\|Although Dr. Laing{{s}} is the only psychiatric group in this country publishing material of its sort, in the {{w\|United States\|United_States}} there are several. The two best known are the group at the {{w\|National Institute of Mental Health\|National_Institute_of_Mental_Health}} … and the one at {{w\|Palo Alto\|Palo_Alto,_California}}. … Each of these research groups has used methods and reported findings essentially similar to those of Dr. Laing. Some of their most recent reports … are of projects that at critical points in the procedure are {{q\|blind}} in just the way that Mr. Farrell rightly requests. In addition to a number of findings derived from quite other methods are supportive. … There is thus substantial evidence derived from more than one method in support of the Laing type of hypothesis. … When compared with evidence advanced to support other types of hypothesis, it is not unimpressive. On the one hand it is ''far more substantial'' than any yet offered in support of psycho{{-}}analytic theories, whether traditional or {{w\|Kleinian\|Melanie_Klein}}, and, on the other, more consistent than that supporting a genetic{{-}}biochemical type of theory}} (my italics).<ref>Extract from letter in ''{{w\|New Society\|New_Society}}'', 4th November, 1965.</ref>

@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 {{tab}}Mr. Farrell{{s}} final charge is valu&shy;able in that it draws at&shy;ten&shy;tion to the basis of the method of ex&shy;ist&shy;en&shy;tial ana&shy;lysis as de&shy;scribed and prac&shy;tised by Dr. Laing and his col&shy;leagues. I do not think that Dr. Laing would wish to deny that {{qq|love}} is in&shy;volved in his at&shy;ti&shy;tude towards his pa&shy;tients and their pre&shy;dica&shy;ment. In ''The Divided Self'' he writes of the act of em&shy;pathy{{dash|this is not a strong enough word}}that is re&shy;quired if the ther&shy;ap&shy;ist is to under&shy;stand the pa&shy;tient{{s}} ex&shy;ist&shy;en&shy;tial posi&shy;tion. {{qq|I think it is clear that by {{q|under&shy;stand&shy;ing}} I do not mean a purely intel&shy;lec&shy;tual pro&shy;cess. For under&shy;stand&shy;ing one might say love.}}<ref>{{w|R. D. Laing|R._D._Laing}}, ''The Divided Self{{dash}}An Ex&shy;ist&shy;en&shy;tial Study in San&shy;ity and Mad&shy;ness'', London, Tavistock, 1960 (Pelican Books, 1965).</ref> In making this at&shy;tempt the ther&shy;ap&shy;ist {{qq|draws on his own psy&shy;chotic pos&shy;sib&shy;il&shy;it&shy;ies}}. Al&shy;though not a di&shy;rect par&shy;al&shy;lel, one is re&shy;minded of {{w|Homer Lane|Homer_Lane}}{{s}} at&shy;ti&shy;tude towards emo&shy;tion&shy;ally dis&shy;turbed {{qq|de&shy;lin&shy;quent}} ad&shy;oles&shy;cents and his dictum of {{qq|being on their side}} even when their ac&shy;tions were most anti{{-}}so&shy;cial. A con&shy;cept that re&shy;curs in a similar way in Dr. Laing{{s}} writ&shy;ing is to {{qq|let the other be}}: {{qq|The main agent in unit&shy;ing the pa&shy;tient, in al&shy;low&shy;ing the pieces to come together and co&shy;here is the phy&shy;si&shy;cian{{s}} love, a love that recog&shy;nises the pa&shy;tient{{s}} total being, and ac&shy;cepts it, with no strings at&shy;tached.}}<ref>ibid., p. 165.</ref>
-{{tab}}As I hope I have suc&shy;ceeded in in&shy;dic&shy;ating in this art&shy;icle, the work of Drs. Laing, Cooper and Esterson con&shy;sti&shy;tutes far more than just an&shy;other theory of what causes {{w|schizo&shy;phrenia}}; a cor&shy;re&shy;spond&shy;ent in ''New So&shy;ciety'' char&shy;ac&shy;ter&shy;ised it as {{qq|an ex&shy;plor&shy;a&shy;tion of the neces&shy;sary condi&shy;tions for a fully human rela&shy;tion&shy;ship}}.<ref>A phrase from a letter by J. D. Ingleby ({{w|Ap&shy;plied Psy&shy;cho&shy;logy Re&shy;search Unit|Cognition_and_Brain_Sciences_Unit}}, {{w|Cambridge}}), ''{{w|New So&shy;ciety|New_Society}}'', 28th October, 1965.</ref>
+{{tab}}As I hope I have suc&shy;ceeded in in&shy;dic&shy;ating in this art&shy;icle, the work of Drs. Laing, Cooper and Esterson con&shy;sti&shy;tutes far more than just an&shy;other theory of what causes {{qq|schizo&shy;phrenia}}; a cor&shy;re&shy;spond&shy;ent in ''New So&shy;ciety'' char&shy;ac&shy;ter&shy;ised it as {{qq|an ex&shy;plor&shy;a&shy;tion of the neces&shy;sary condi&shy;tions for a fully human rela&shy;tion&shy;ship}}.<ref>A phrase from a letter by J. D. Ingleby ({{w|Ap&shy;plied Psy&shy;cho&shy;logy Re&shy;search Unit|Cognition_and_Brain_Sciences_Unit}}, {{w|Cambridge}}), ''{{w|New So&shy;ciety|New_Society}}'', 28th October, 1965.</ref>
 {{tab}}Dr. Laing has sug&shy;gested that the reason why ex&shy;plor&shy;ation of the {{qq|inner}} world of the self is in&shy;valid&shy;ated by so&shy;ciety as {{qq|mad&shy;ness}} is that such ex&shy;peri&shy;ence is sub&shy;vers&shy;ive. {{qq|And it is sub&shy;vers&shy;ive because it is ''real.''}}<ref>{{qq|A Ten Day Voyage}}, ''{{l|Views|https://lccn.loc.gov/sf83002178}}'', No. 8.</ref> Dei&shy;fied de&shy;struct&shy;ive illu&shy;sions{{dash}}{{qq|the health of {{w|ster&shy;ling|Pound_sterling}}}}, {{qq|the {{w|Red menace|Red_Scare}}}}, {{qq|the inter&shy;ests of the State}}{{dash}}are the stage{{-}}props of normal so&shy;cial life and these phantoms are con&shy;firmed as {{qq|real&shy;ity}} by all the re&shy;sources avail&shy;able. Because the vast ma&shy;jor&shy;ity of people act in terms of these nega&shy;tions {{qq|we find our&shy;selves threat&shy;ened by ex&shy;term&shy;in&shy;a&shy;tion that will be re&shy;cip&shy;rocal, that no one wishes, that every&shy;one fears, that may just hap&shy;pen to us {{q|because}} no one knows how to stop it. &hellip; Every&shy;one will by carry&shy;ing out orders. Where do they come from? Always from else&shy;where. &hellip;}}<ref>{{qq|Us and Them}}, {{popup|op. cit.|opere citato: cited above}}</ref> Dr. Cooper has also de&shy;scribed this tragic condi&shy;tion: {{qq|The myth of {{w|Thanatos}} is a self{{-}}actu&shy;al&shy;izing phant&shy;asy. The {{w|bomb|Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki}} really did drop on {{w|Hiroshima}}. &hellip; The basic para&shy;dox that we live is that man&shy;kind needs illu&shy;sions but the illu&shy;sions it needs de&shy;stroy it. Even through rela&shy;tively in&shy;noc&shy;u&shy;ous or {{q|good}} illu&shy;sions we im&shy;prison our&shy;selves meta&shy;phys&shy;ically and then find we have built real prison walls (per&shy;haps around some&shy;one else).}}<ref>{{qq|Freud Re&shy;visited}}{{dash}}a review of {{w|Herbert Marcuse|Herbert_Marcuse}}{{s}} ''{{w|Eros and Civil&shy;iza&shy;tion|Eros_and_Civilization}}'', ''{{w|New Left Review|New_Left_Review}}'', No. 20.</ref>